MAGAZINE AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING HUMAN RIGHTS AMONG NIGERIAN YOUTHS (A CASE STUDY OF TELL NEWS MAGAZINE)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The political entity called Nigeria has continued since independence under one form of governance to the other. The military rulers have had to rule by decrees thus suspending the constitution that guarantees the citizenry their fundamental human rights Adenuga (2003). It, therefore, makes it obvious that the basis for government, which is for the ultimate good of the people, is defeated when their rights are not guaranteed. And indeed authoritarian rule has not helped human right issues, as abuse had over time been recorded and even in the most bizarre manner.

Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications that are printed with ink on paper, generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three. Fawose (2004) at its root the word magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication it is a collection of written articles.

Human rights are the basic standards human beings need to live life with freedom and dignity. Human rights include fundamental civil and political rights, such as the right to free speech, to freedom of religion, and the right to participate in government. Human rights also include essential economic, social and cultural rights, such as the right to education, to work, and to healthcare Hurt (2004).

Human rights are the rights that all people have simply because they are human beings. Each of these rights are inalienable; they cannot be denied or taken away from any youth.  They are also indivisible; all human rights are equally important and one right cannot be taken away because it is said to be less important than another. Finally, human rights are interdependent, all human rights are connected and you cannot guarantee one right without ensuring that other rights are protected Hurt (2004).

Individuals have the responsibility to uphold and protect the rights of others. Human rights are protected when all individuals are treated with respect, when all voices are heard and when discrimination is absent. They are protected when torture is non-existent and peace prevails. We practice our human right when we choose to attend school, to worship, to speak our political opinions or to travel. Basically we can exercise our human rights whenever and wherever we have the option of choice in any given situation Oyeleye (2004).

Human rights are the basic standards human beings need to live life with freedom and dignity. Human rights include fundamental civil and political rights, such as the right to free speech, to freedom of religion, and the right to participate in government. Human rights also include essential economic, social and cultural rights, such as the right to education, to work, and to healthcare (Adenuga 2003). Human rights are the rights that all people have simply because they are human beings. Each of these rights is inalienable; they cannot be denied or taken away from any individual. They are also indivisible; all human rights are equally important and one right cannot be taken away because it is said to be less important than another.

Finally, human rights are interdependent, all human rights are connected and you cannot guarantee one right without ensuring that other rights are protected. Individuals have the responsibility to uphold and protect the rights of others. Human rights are protected when all individuals are treated with respect, when all voices are heard and when discrimination is absent. They are protected when torture is non-existent and peace prevails. We practice our human right when we choose to attend school, to worship, to speak our political opinions or to travel. Basically we can exercise our human rights whenever and wherever we have the option of choice in any given situation (Adenifose 2003).

1.2             STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The magazine as a tool for promoting human rights among Nigerian youths is what is being discussed. The main thrust of this research is to bring to the fore the magazine as a tool at the various variables in the proper management of human right among Nigerian youth.

The issues of political human rights abuses and how the various ethnic and religious factors have seriously short circuited the proper management of human right among Nigerian youth will be perused with a view of finding a way out of them.

The most serious human rights problems during 2011 were the abuses committed by the militant sect known as Boko Haram, which was responsible for killings, bombings, and other attacks throughout the country, resulting in numerous deaths, injuries, and the widespread destruction of property; abuses committed by the security services with impunity, including killings, beatings, arbitrary detention, and destruction of property; and societal violence, including ethnic, regional, and religious violence. Other serious human rights problems included sporadic abridgement of citizens' right to change their government, due to some election fraud and other irregularities; politically motivated and extrajudicial killings by security forces, including summary executions; security force torture, rape, and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees, and criminal suspects; harsh and life-threatening prison and detention center conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention; prolonged pretrial detention; denial of fair public trial; executive influence on the judiciary and judicial corruption; infringements on citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and movement; official corruption; violence and discrimination against women; child abuse; female genital mutilation; the killing of children suspected of witchcraft; child sexual exploitation; ethnic, regional, and religious discrimination; trafficking in persons for the purpose of prostitution and forced labor; discrimination against persons with disabilities; discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity; vigilante killings; forced and bonded labor; and child labor.

1.3             PURPOSE  OF THE STUDY

The main thrust of this study is to study is to examine magazine as a tool for promoting Human right among Nigerian Youths (A Study of Tell News Magazine). Other Specific objective of this study shall include the following;

1.     To examine the role  of magazine in the promotion of human right among Nigeria Youths

2.     To identify the particular contents of the magazines that are devoted to promotion of human right among Nigeria youths  

3.     To determine the appeal generated by magazine contents devoted to the promotion of human rights among Nigerian youths.

4.     To investigate the problem confronting magazine as a tool for promoting human rights among Nigerian Youths

5.     To offer recommendations towards the problem confronting the promotion of human rights among Nigeria Youths.

1.4            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research question guide the study

1.     Has the magazine been able to manage human right among Nigerian youths?

2.     What are the roles of magazine as tool for promoting human rights among Nigeria youths?

3.     What are the implications of magazine on the promotion of human right among Nigeria Youths?

4.     What are the problems confronting magazine as a tool for promoting human rights among Nigerian Youths?

5.     IS there any possible solution to overcome the problems?

1.5              SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will provide useful information on the magazine as tools for promoting human rights among Nigerian youths. It will also examine the role at extent which the Tells News magazine plays in promoting human rights among Nigerian Youths.  This study also aims at helping to reduce the problem of face by Nigerian Youths as a whole.

The outcome of this study will be useful to academic, educators, Mass Communicators, Reporter, governmental and non – governmental organization, civil societies and the general public.

The study will also fuel further research into the study, and act as a consulting material to other researcher.

1.6              SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research study is to investigate the magazine as a tool for promoting human rights among Nigerian Youths. Tell News Magazine will be chosen for the purpose of this study. The management and Co – staff will be involved in the study in which their respondents to through research questionnaire to gather information to help the researcher to arrive at a reasonable conclusion.

1.7               RATIONALE  OF THE STUDY

i.                   To investigate the roles of  Tells magazine (magazine) as tool for promoting human rights among Nigeria youths

ii.                 To examine the effectiveness of tells magazine  among competitive of magazine mass media

iii.              To investigate the ability and effectively of the Tells staffs input and output

1.8     CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATION DEFINITIONS 

          In the course of this research, there are some terms used in this foundation on which this research is based. The words such as Magazine, human right  and Youths will be looked into, for there are to be a proper understanding of the research.

MAGAZINE:

Magazines, periodicals, glossies, or serials are publications that are printed with ink on paper, and generally published on a regular schedule and containing a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three. At its root the word magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles.

HUMAN RIGHTS:

          This is those rights that all youth are or should be entitled to. These rights are immutable, inalienable rights that cannot be denied anybody. They are rights and privileges that are given by nature to man by virtue of being a human being. These rights include right to life, freedom of association, freedom of speech; freedom of movement etc. and they are enshrined in the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria.

          It is the duty of both the government and the governed to respect the provisions of the constitution as it concerns human rights.  

YOUTHS:

Youth is generally the time of life between childhood and adulthood (maturity). Definitions of the specific age range that constitutes youth vary. An individual's actual maturity may not correspond to their chronological age, as immature individuals can exist at all ages. Youth is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one who is young". Youth is a term used for people of both sexes, male and female, of a young age.

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IMPACT OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION ON NIGERIA’S SOCIAL POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA FOURTH REPUBLIC)

CHAPTER ONE

                                               INTRODUCTION    

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY:

The development of any nation does not rest wholly on the government alone but on the contribution of every citizen generally and stake holders in particular. This informed the analytical view of the role of the civil society in general and its contribution to policy making in Nigeria.

Civil society involvement in governance and decision making processes in Nigeria’s nascent democracy has been minimal. However, the voting pattern and behaviour of the civil society groups in Imo State South Eastern Nigeria in the 2011 general elections, provides an evaluation of mass action. This was phenomenal in historic and comparative terms as it was triggered by the abuse of political power by the state government in the period 2007-2010.

Civil society organizations are very important to the policy makers or the state as they are better placed to know the population needs in terms of development and good governance. In recent years, CSOS have become more prominent, more visible and more diverse all over the world. One of the factors influencing the growth of CSOS has been the increased challenges to imbalances of power between state and the unstructured.   On the one hand and civil society on the other. This has being driven by many forces such as reactions to  centralized authority in state structures dissatisfaction with policy positions taken by the state in international arenas. CSo networks have been formed within and across countries to promote a wider support to public interests on global policy issues such as human right environment, debt recovery development  and health etc (www. who int)  the CSOs have the responsibility  to influence public policy processes including counter balancing of commercial interest and consensus building on societal priorities. The Cso also provide   a legal authority for public participation and the enhancement of civil education and expanding opportunities for greater involvement in government programs. Attahiru Jega (2007) enumerated roles of civil societies in Nigeria when he listed three roles this :

i. The promotion and defense of the constitution and rule of law.

ii. The enhancement of the integrity and efficacy of the democratic institution and process as well.

iii. The development of a viable democratic political culture in the polity

          In other words, civil society can positively contribute to sustainability of democracy  by legitimizing and entrenching institutions processes and the culture of democracy, delegitimizing and opposing authoritarian. Undemocratic and Uncivil practice and dispositions (Jaga, 2007;247).

          Some of the prominent civil society organizations are the Saice Nigeria Group, OPC, Ijaw Youth Movement, Campaign  for democracy (CD), Women in Nigeria (WIN), Civil liberties Organization (CLO), Committee for the Defense of Human Rights (CDHF), Constitutional Rights projects (CRP), United Action For Democracy (UAD); National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), Joint Action Committee of Nigeria (JACON): Democratic Alternatives (DA): National Association of seadogs (NAS) etc.     

1.2            STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:

Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, which has witnessed four general elections (1999, 2003, 2007, and 2011), is yet to show profound evidence of a growing democracy. All of the elections in the fourth republic were marked with controversies, just as their processes and end products encountered credibility and legitimacy crises. Historically, civil society in Nigeria has been at the forefront of struggle for a national development. However, the struggle for democracy found new meaning in the context of economic crisis and structural adjustment climate of the 1980s. Other civil groups found meaning or I relevance within the military autocracy and transition to civil rule programmes.

With the annulment of June 12, 1993 presidential election, the persistent economic crisis and the impasse that followed, fuelled the internal and external struggles by civil society to promote democracy in Nigeria. In the present political dispensation, efforts are being made by civil society to I consolidate the hard won democracy through its” various intervention activities on issues of human rights, electoral reforms, constitutional reform, gender equality, civic education, transparency and accountability.

This Study aim to posit that until the problems of youth restiveness, ethno-religious violence, and general insecurity of life and property, unemployment, corruption, political apathy, people oriented constitution and the like are addressed, efforts of civil society to promote good governance are likely to remain futile. Hence, the study aims to critically look into the impact of civil society organization on Nigeria’s social political development in reference to the fourth republic.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:   

The overall objective of this study is to examine critically the Impact of Civil Society organization on Nigeria’s social political development with special reference to Nigeria fourth republic.

i. To examine the role of civil society organization fostering social political development.

ii. To investigate some likely factors affecting social political development.

iii. To examine the political behaviour of the civil society organization.

iv. To examine the role of government to educate civil society toward their responsibility. 

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION:

This Research study is designed to provide answers to the following questions;

1.     What is the relationship between civil society and social political development in Nigeria polities?

2.     To what extent can civil society organization affect social political development in politics?

3.     Can political propaganda campaign and mobilization influence civil society organization in Nigeria politics?

4.     What is the effect of government in educating the citizens towards awaking their social develop in politics?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS:

H₀ – There is no significant relationship between civil society organization and social political development in Nigeria

H₁- There is significant relationship between civil society organization and social political development in Nigeria

H₀- Civil organization cannot influence the social political development in Nigeria

H₁- Civil organization can influence the social political development in Nigeria

H₀- There is no significant relationship between political propaganda campaign and mobilization influenced civil society organization in politics

H₁- There is significant relationship between political propaganda campaign and mobilization influenced civil society organization in politics.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research study is expected to focus on civil society organization on Nigeria political development. It is expected to examine the entire of the civil society in the fourth republic towards the political social development patterns within their justification that is from 1999 till date.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:                     

The outcome of this study will be useful to academic, educators, governmental and non – governmental organization, Politician, civil societies and the general public.

It will shed more light on the impact of civil society organization on Nigeria’s social political development, its implication on the political development, the need to curb political propaganda among other things.

 The importance of this study to government, political parties and their leaders’ politicians and the entire citizens of Nigeria cannot be over emphasized. It will help a great deal in crystallizing the effect of proper discrimination of information on civil society organization in politics.

The study will also fuel further research into the study, and act as consulting materials to other researcher.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:              

         Like every other research Endeavour, this study is not without a short coming some of the lookups encountered by the researcher includes the time scheduled for this exercise for comprehensive studies which was somewhat tight.

   Also, the means of going to and from to het necessary information needed to carry out the research was not easily available. Besides materials constraints the in co-operative attitudes set – back due to the above problems. It can be said that any available recommendations and conclusion from this study should be applied, adopted or implemented with caution.

This study will make use of both primary (questionnaire) and Secondary (Journal, magazine, textbooks, the Internet, Newspaper, articles e.t.c) in order to arrive at a tangible conclusion

1.9 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

This study will make use of both primary (questionnaire) and Secondary (Journal, magazine, textbooks, the Internet, Newspaper, articles e.t.c) in order to arrive at a tangible conclusion

1.9.1 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS AND INTREPRETATION

          Analysis and interpretation of data would involve the use of frequently distribution table and simple percentage.  Chi – Square statistical method will be adopted in testing the hypotheses in order to arrive at valid conclusion.

1.10 PLAN OF THE STUDY

This study comprises of five chapters; Chapter one would give a general introduction to the study. Chapter two concentrate on the review assessment of the available and relevant literature on the whole topic. Chapter three present and analyze method of Research methodology. Chapter four focus on the presentation of data collected and testing of hypothesis used in the research study. Chapter five summarize the whole study and drawn its major conclusion and recommendation.

                                

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GEOGRAPHY PROJECT - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF QUARRYING OPERATION ON NEIGHBOURING AREA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The complex mixture of gases that makes up the earth atmosphere has been altered much more significantly in the recent time. Human activities that range from domestic energy utilization to large scale industrial operation are largely responsible for this undesirable status of atmospheric constituents due to addition of pollutant. Air pollution is a major environmental problem affecting both the developing and developed countries of the world. The effects of air pollution on human health are very complex as there are different source thereby producing varying effects. (www.edu green.ten.res.in)

Although industries such as power plants, cements, refineries, petro-chemical and mines have identified as major sources of air pollution , the emission of particulates is quiet outstanding from quarries . Generally , the effects of dust emission from quarries have both micro and regional dimension. Air pollution and ground vibration arising from blasting, crushing and emission of noxious gases have negative impacts on human health and well-being.

Quarrying products are increasingly demanded for industrial domestic, agricultural and other purposes as to satisfy the needs of the rapidly growing population.

Quarrying operations generally involve removal of over burden drilling, blasting and crushing of rocks materials. The various impact produced by these operations are both size and location dependents. Manifestation of specific impacts are on the air, water, soil, earth surface, flora and fauna and human being (Areola) 1991: Enger and Smitquarrying includes swamp creation, deterioration of ground water, erosion of soil, noise and percussion from rocks blasting, generation of dust, smoke and fuh 2002). Apart from land degradation, other negative impacts of mes, production of noxious gases and ground vibration suspended particular matter is quiet outstanding among all pollutants emanating from quarrying operation (USEPA 2008).

Solid materials in the form of smoke, dust and also vapour generated during quarrying operation are usually suspended over a long period in the air. Moreover, matter in the air are capable of being transported from the point of generation to area far removed (UNEP, 1991). Once particulate of varying chemical composition are inhaled, they lodge in human lung, thereby causing lung damages and respiratory problems (Last 1998). According to Deborah (1996) and National Industrial          Sand Association (NISA 1997) dust generated from granite quarrying contain 71% silica. Inhaling such dust results in silicosis which is capable of disabling an exposed person and subsequently load to death. Apart from  silicosis sand blasters, miner and quarry worker are to suffer from Pneumoconiosis.

Suspended particulates matter may be affecting more people globally than any other pollutants on a continuous basis (Richard, et al 2002). Going by epidemiological studies, a dose-response relationship between exposure to PM10 and respiratory morbidity and mortality are established (Dockrey and Pope, 1994: Pope, et al 1995: Qamar, et al 2001). Likewise is the role of PM10 in the causation of asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues and premature death. Even at relatively low concentration (not exceeding standard guideline of 150mg/m3 for 24 hours) inhalable particulate matter (PM10) have adverse effects on human health. Indeed, an increase of 50mg/m3 in particulate level is showing to induce increase death rate from 2 to 8% in several countries supporting this particulate level and health relationship WHO (1994) indicated that daily mortality rates would increase by 20% with an increase of particulate level to 200mg/m3. A report by the Environmental Working Groups in California showed that respiratory illness caused by particulate matter are responsible for more than 10,000 deaths and 16,000 hospital admission. The health care cost of this illness of this was put at one hundred and thirty two million Dollars, in addition to millions of missed work days and school absence each year (www. Angel fire.com: Deborah 1996: Douglas 1996: USEPA 1996).

          The circumstances surrounding most developing countries, Nigeria inclusive is more pathetic in view of the utter disregard of pollution limits by most industries, low knowledge of environmental laws, immigration of polluting industries and the general poor living standard which affects people nutrition status. In most Africa countries, the risk faced by those who are occupationally exposed and the non-occupationally exposed are poorly researched , of serious concern is the elderly, children and infirmed people who constitute the at risk population in the various communities hosting quarries. Hence, this study examined the level of suspended particulate matters (PM10) within and around selected quarry cities in Abeokuta metropolis.  Moreover, it investigate the prevalent health problem suffered by quarry workers and residents of nearby communities

          Finally it assessed the awareness of the negative impacts of living in close proximity to quarry cities among the neighbouring areas.

WHY DO WE QUARRY?                      

          For thousands of years man has used stone for building, whether it was for monuments, religious bussilding or houses. Early on, when Britain was only sparsely populated man’s use of stone and his primitive quarrying would have had little lasting impacts on the environment. Gradually as time went on, more stones was use in building. It was a good material with which to build castles, walls, churches and important buildings since it was strong and weather resistant. As the demand for stone grew, so did the demand for quarrying,]

          During the Industrial Revolution demand scared. The Victorians use stone for their entire major buildings and better transport and new technology, they were able to meet these increasing demands, probably with little thought as to their impacts on the environment.

WHAT DO WE QUARRY?

          Today the demand for carefully work stone for has been reduced by the fact that we have so many new easier to use and cheaper building material but this does not necessarily mean that there is less quarrying.

          There is now a great demand for stone especially limestone in form of crushed rock and it is also essential constituent in other building and construction materials. The techniques for quarrying have changed. Now, those that quarry can be less selective, consequently one of the best method of quick quarrying is the use of explosives which means that great chunks of hillsides may be blown up and transported away in relatively short time. Sand and gravel are used along with stone in construction work, consequently millions of tonnes are being removed from sand and gravel deposits both on land usually close to the urban areas where they are needed and also from the sea bed.

          The effects that quarry can have in looking at this whilst a quarry is in use the effects on the local environment are more than just the loss of wild life habitats and obvious visual impacts. A working quarry needs methods of transportation and this means that large amounts of machinery and heavy traffic will be brought into the area, causing an income in local noise pollution and erosion.

          What happens to dis use quarries? Sand and gravel extractions may often leave behind large water filed pits. These pits if managed correctly may become valuable wild life habitats for wetlands and water creatures.

          Quarries come in different shapes and sizes. Some like the gravel pits are relatively easy to reclaim once they have been made safe, are used for leisure areas such as camp sites or motor vehicles racing tracks but the reclamation of either is more difficult. Removal of vast quantity of rocks can change the vary shape of our environment. Whole hillsides can be destroyed and layers of valuable soil removed. Since 1981 there have being a time limit imposed on those who seek to extract from the land. They are not allowed to quarry for an indefinite amount of time. Companies are also required to reinstate the land, this can involve years of careful drainage and land management in order to get the area back to state where it can be used.

          Rock quarrying and stone crushing is global phenomenon and has being the cause of concern everywhere in the world, including the advanced countries. Quarrying activity is necessity that provides much of the materials used in traditional hard flooring such as granite limestone, marble, sandstone, state and even just clay to make ceramic tiles. However like many other man-made activities (anthropogenic factors) quarrying activities causes significant impacts on the environment (Okafor, 2006). In particular it is often necessary to blast rock with explosives in order to extract material for processing but this method of extraction gives rise to noise pollution, air pollution damage to biodiversity and habitat destruction.

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

          Over the years quarrying has contributed tremendously to the development and growth of industrial environment, but it was recognised that no development without negative implication on the environment is not only tampered with but destroyed.

          The quarry operation may intersect the water table potential contamination could then results from residues of explosives, oils and hydraulic fluids from vehicles used in the quarry. Minor contamination of the sort could make the water valuable for domestic use

          Dust from quarry site is a major source of air pollution, the air pollution is not a nuisance ( in terms of deposition on surface) and possible effects on health in particular for those with respiratory problems but dust can also have physical effects on the surrounding plants, such as blocking and damaging their internal structures and abrasion of leaves and articles as well as chemical effects which may affects long term survival (Guach 2001).

          More of the main negative impacts of quarrying on the environment is the damage to biodiversity. Biodiversity essentially refers to the range of living specie including fish, insects, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, mammals, plants, fungi and even micro-organisms. Biodiversity conservation is important as all species are interlinked even if this is not immediately visible or even known, and our survival depends on the fine balance that exist within nature. More so quarrying involves several activities that generate significant amount of noise. The excavation of the minerals itself involves considerable noise, particularly if blasting methods are used. Following this, the use of powered machinery to transport the materials as well as possibly processing plant to crush and grade minerals all contribute even more noise to the environment. Even noise pollution can have a significant impact on some species and affect their successful reproduction.

          Like many other man-made activities quarrying involves the production of significant amount of waste. Some type of quarries do not produce large amount of permanent waste, such as sand and gravel whereas others will produce significant amount of waste materials such as clay and silt (Wang 2007).

          Although industries such as power plants, cement refineries, petro-chemical and mines have been identified as a major source of air pollutant, the emission of particulates is quiet outstanding from quarries. Generally the effects of dust emission from quarries have both micro-regional dimensions. Air pollution and ground vibration arising from blasting and emission of noxious gases have negative impacts on human health and well-being

1.3  AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

          The central aim of the research is to assess the environmental impact of quarry operation on the neighbouring areas using Eruwon as a case study.

          In order to achieve aim, the following objectives were set;

a)     To examine the impact of quarry operation on neighbouring areas of Eruwon environment.

b)    To assess the operational effect of the organisation on physical element like the flora and fauna of Eruwon environment.

c)     To examine the geological disturbance resulting from the excavation of rock particle.

d)    To examine the extents at which the quarrying activities have affected the health status of the neighbouring settlements.

e)     To know the extent the organisation activities has affect the hydrological system of the area.

f)      To the extent at which quarry activities has contributed to the environmental pollution of the neighbouring environment.

g)     To examine the level of environmental sustainability strategy the organisation has adopted In its operation.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          Quarry industry had been contributing tremendously to the industrial and development and growth of the industrial environment over years, but it was recognised that no development without negative implication on the environment. The negative impacts such as environmental deterioration and environmental degradation has become the major concern or issues for the environmental sustainability.

          As we witness economic and industrial growth through the exploitation of natural resources for the generation of revenue, the environmental challenges coupled with health problems were also experienced. Quarry industry establishment in the country is expected to be of benefit and development to socio-economic break down of the country in which the reverse is the case via the existing empirical studies because of the environmental imbalance generated as the result of the environment in their technological skills. This study attempts to contribute to the existing public and academics Literature on Environmental Impact Assessment of quarrying operation on neighbouring areas.

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

          The research questions here will be the guide for the research work are stated below.

a)     What is the environmental of quarry operation on neighbouring areas of Eruwon area in Ijebu North East LGA of Ogun state?

b)    What environment risk was posed by the quarry to the flora and fauna of that environment?

c)     Are there risks of ground water pollution because of shallow or arising ground water table, or proximity to ground water recharge areas with a high vulnerability to pollution?

d)    Can the standard and capacity of the road network accommodate traffic likely to be generated by the proposal?

e)     Is there likely to be a problem in meeting sustainability compliance with dust, noise or water quality requirement due to the proximity and nature of nearby land uses?

1.6     HYPOTHESIS OF THE RESEARCH

          H0. Quarrying operation has no significant impacts on the flora of the neighbouring areas.

       Quarrying activities has no significant impact on the fauna of the neighbouring areas.

       Quarrying operation has no significant impacts on the human health of the neighbouring areas.

          H1. Quarrying operation has significant impacts on the flora of the neighbouring areas.

       Quarrying activities has significant impacts on the fauna of the neighbouring areas.

       Quarrying operation has significant impacts on the human health of the neighbouring areas.

1.7     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          Due to the distance of the study area, there was a limited time for the study while insufficient fund may be other challenges to the study. However the attitude of the respondents towards this research may not be encouraging as they may doubt the motive behind the research as a result of their response while accessibility is another major constraint in terms of access to detailed information in other to easily help in data collection. Also the deplorable road to the quarry site may be another hindrance to the study but this will not affect the authenticity of the research.

1.8     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

          The research is carrying out an academic study into the environmental impact of quarry operation on the neighbouring areas and the scope will basis and limited to Eruwon in Ijebu North East LGA of Ogun state. The study covers the area of drilling, blasting, crushing and usage of granite with the economic and social impact of quarry operation on the neighbouring areas with the scope up to date.

1.9     STUDY AREA/SITE

          Quarry is a very old industry in Nigeria although it remained small and technological simple until the establishment of British colonial administration. Quarry of sand, gravel and building stone is widespread because it is less capital intensive compared to mineral extraction.

          Furthermore, there is widespread distribution of quarry materials particularly granite in parts of Nigeria (Areola 1991)

          Eruwon quarry site is located at Ijebu North East LGA of Ogun state. With its geographical co-ordinates of 6* 50* 0 North and 3* 58*0 East.

1.9.1  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF IJEBU NORTH EAST LGA

          Ijebu North East LGA was created on December 13 1996 from the old Ijebu-ode local government. The local government was created as Ilugun Alaro local government when towns such as Isoyin, Eruwon, Ilese, Imowo, Ogbogbo, etc. were not included. However the inclusion of these towns led to the changing of the name to Ijebu North East local government with the capital at Atan. Atan has been serving as the capital of Ilugun Alaro District Council since 1995 under the defunct Ijebu Divisional Council.

1.9.2 LOCATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE SETTING

          Ijebu North East local government is bounded by Ijebu East local government in the east, Ijebu north local government in the north, ijebu ode local government in west. Ijebu north east local government is located approximately between latitude 653 and 655, north of the equator and longitude 345 and 405 east of the Greenwich meridian. It is perhaps the smallest local government in areas and population in Ogun state, having a population of about 41,614 people.

          The vegetation of the local government is mainly of thick forest particularly in areas that are free from human interference that are significantly changing the vegetation coverage of the local government.

          The climate, generally the micro-climate condition in ijebu north east region, reflects and is reflected on the prevailing climate of Nigeria. As an integral of south western Nigeria, ijebu north east region experience humid tropical climate which is characterised by alternative wet and dry season. Likewise the rest of Nigeria, Ijebu north east region on annual basis is under the influence of hot-wet tropical maritime air mass during the rainy season (April-October) and the hot-dry tropical continental air mass during dry season (November-March). Rainfall is generally heavy with peaks occurring in July and September (double maxima) coupled with high temperature, high evaporation and high relative humidity. The mean annual rainfall is between 1523mm and 2340mm. The dry season is rather short with very little rainfall averaging 250mm. Temperature ranges between 25*c and 32*c with average annual temperature of about 27*c.

          Atan is the headquarter of Ijebu north east local government a position it has occupied at the inception when it was named as Ilugun Alaro local government

1.9.3  NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENDOWMENTS

          Ijebu north east is fairly well endowed in terms of natural resources, particularly vegetation resources. The local government is located on the forest belt of Nigeria and extensively covered by forest except in areas where human interference has changed the natural setting. As a result of this, a couple of commercial trees are found in the local government.

          Another major natural resources with which the local government endowed is in term of extensive fertile soil, which are suitable for agriculture practises, which may be responsible for the respondent of the majority of the inhabitant of the area of agriculture, producing a wide range of food and cash crops. The local government is also endowed with exploitable mineral resources, particularly with the widespread deposit of high quality sand stones and gravel which are encouraging the establishment of quarries in the local government.

1.9.4 AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND MARKETING

SYSTEM

          The people of the local government are mostly farmers; this is quite understandable considering the presence of goods arable and fertile soils and the absence of infrastructural amenities. The main agricultural product in the area is palm oil and cassava. The other farm products grown in the area include plantain, corn, cocoyam, melon and kolanut.

          Most of these farm products are from the small scale traditional farmers characterised by small farm holding with traditional equipment of cutlass and hoes. These have been attributed to inadequate capital and traditional land tenure system.

          These Atan /Idoma market is the most prominent of the market in the local government. The market run on 4 days interval and is highly patronised from within and outside the local government area. Other market in the local government include the Imowo ram market, Ilese town market, Army barrack market and the Toll gate market at Ilese.

          However despite the presence of these few market delay marketing activity in the local government is poor and for daily need of the people they have to go to Ijebu ode or Ijebu Igbo.

1.10   DEFINITION OF TERMS

          The definitions of terms used in these studies are

1)    ENVIRONMENT- This is the condition and objects that surround man. It can also said to be setting or conditions in which a particular activity is carried on.

2)    IMPACT- The can be said to be the difference you make.

3)    ASSESSMENT- This is the systematic collection, review and use of information about educational programme to improve students.

4)    DEVELOPMENT- This is the process of developing or being developed.

5)    RISK- This is a probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerability and that may be avoided through prescriptive action.

6)    SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT- This is the development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.

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